Greetings History Minions!
I really liked some of the information posted last time. You are all busy studying for AP exams, so this post is good for TWO weeks :) This ought to give you a little help with Civil Rights topics too!
Pick Option 1 OR Option 2:
Option 1) How did the African American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s address the failures of the Reconstruction?
Option 2) "Between 1960 and 1975, there was great progress in the struggle for political and social equality." Assess the validity of this statement with respect to ONE of the following groups during that period.
African Americans
Asian Americans
Latinos
Native Americans
Women
The African American Civil Rights movement broke the pattern of racial segregation in the South and achieved equal rights legislation for African American which the reconstruction plan was to provide economic and racial equality,so the American Civil Rights movement provided racial equality.
ReplyDeleteAlso, school segregation was banned.
DeleteThis is true but did the qualityof treatment really improve? we are still fighting rasicm and segratation in some areas in the south. although i do agree with you there is still plenty of work to be done to improve how we treat those of a different shade
DeleteThe African American Civil Rights Movement sought to correct some of the shortcomings of the Reconstruction Era, such as racial segregation and racial inequality. With the enactment of the Jim Crow laws in the South, blacks continued to be suppressed and excluded from the privileges of certain rights exclusive only to whites. However in the 1950's, one key event that helped push for integration in the South was the Brown v. Board of Education case. Its ruling garnered support for integration and African American rights. This incident, nonetheless, was merely one of many efforts in the black community that attempted to attain African Americans their equal rights and end racial segregation, while possibly trying to diminish racism altogether.
ReplyDeleteAfter the Brown V. Board case, there was the Morgan V. Virginia Case that banned segregation seating on interstate buses. Also, the Sweatt V. Painter case ruled that law schools would take students regardless of race. Many trials followed that, slowly but surely enabled more freedom for African Americans.
DeleteIt wasn't just cases that were similar to Brown vs. Board, there were also events like the murder of Emmett Till, the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, and so on.
DeleteAlso , Malcom X, a minister of the Nation of Islam urged blacks to claim their rights by "any means necessary."
DeleteInitially, equality for all races was the goal when individuals still managed to restrain the freedom from the African Americans and instilled "Black Codes" to keep the blacks under subtle slavery. It took the Civil Rights Movement to have the African Americans demand laws be enforced stating their rights be just as the whites in the nation and rid of all racial segregation. An event that really outraged individuals was the Plessy V. Ferguson court case which stated AAs could be "equal, but seperate" and that didn't violate the 14th amendment. Because of that, not wanting any further restrictions on their freedom, many cases and prostests began that eventually granted equality for all races.
ReplyDeleteluckily The seperate and equal idea was eventually overturned because of the civil rights acts
DeleteActually, "separate but equal" as described in Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned by Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas, 1954
DeleteSome segregationists, as a matter of fact, even killed integrationists that wanted to help African Americans register to vote in the South as a means of resisting integration.
DeleteThe Black Panther Party was a black revolutionary socialist organization active in the United States from 1966 until 1982.
ReplyDeleteThe party became an icon of the counterculture of the 1960s. They had a variety of social programs designed to alleviate poverty, improve health among inner city black communities, and soften the Party's public image.
The Black Panther Party really pushed for forced equality. They also had the Ten-Point Program which stated their grievances they demanded to be fixed. This plan was used as the foundation of their daily works and great efforts for equality.
DeleteThe Black Panthers Also Played An Important Role In The Black Power Movement. They achieved National And International Recognition In U.S. Politics With Membership.
DeleteThe civil rights act 1964 outlawed discrimination in employment based of race, religion, national origin, or sex, and discrimination in public accommodations. Fixed the major segregation that happened after the reconstruction between blacks and whites. The civil rights act fought the "seperate but equal" ideology.
ReplyDeleteThis was an act by President Harry S. Truman to restore equality or fairness among the races keeping them seperated but still somehow equal.
DeletePeaceful protests were attempted during this fight in order to avoid further racial tensions, but it wasn't very effective.
DeleteAna M.
Martin Luther King Jr., a leader in the civil rights campaign, fought for equal and better rights for all of America’s minorities (not just African Americans). Many events contributed to the spark of this movement such as the death of Emmett Till, Brown vs. Board case, and the Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Soon enough many Americans began to voice their opinions on segregation with protest, boycotts, marches, attacks, etc.
ReplyDeleteThanks to such social activists, more attention was brought to the unfair treratment of all minorities. The Civil Rights movement changed American history. Segregation was made illegal, giving everyone, not only whites, equal opportunities.
DeleteNative Americans continually struggled for equality. They were seen as inferior to the white race along with all other races. They struggled to get jobs because they were not given the same opportunities as the "superior race", they did not have a good education, and their traditions were taken away from them so they could be Americanized. So, in 1968 the American Indian Movement (AIM), was created with a goal to renew traditional cultures, economic independence, and better education for Indian children.
ReplyDeleteThey had tribal colleges, elementary and high schools made for them to assist in which they wouldn't blend with the rest of society.
DeleteThe Reconstruction set the goal of racial equality. However, many whites enacted black codes to suppress blacks into “virtual” slavery, meaning blacks were not allowed to receive an education, vote, own land etc. Finally, Civil Right Movement leaders stepped up and demanded laws that would segregate blacks in public places. Peaceful protests and boycotts led their voices to the ears of this country.
ReplyDeleteAna M.
I agree don't forget to mention the caos that the country had when they attempted to intergreat public schools and when Jackie Robinson joined baseball. African Americans were soon part of all of American society.
DeleteHowever, there were Civil Rights leaders like Malcolm X that advocate for a more aggressive approach to the problem, by urging blacks to claim their rights by any means necessary.
DeleteI agree. The reconstruction seemed to solve many problems going on through society EXCEPT discrimination towards blacks. This however changed once the Civil Rights Movement was in effect. African Americans were fed up with how they were being treated so they decided to take a stand. They began to protest for their rights. An example would be the March on Washington on Aug. 28, 1963. Also, the 24th amendment was passed and the Civil Rights Act in 1964 that banned racial discrimination.
DeleteAgreed. The Civil Rights Movement addressed Segregation and Voting Rights through, direct action, court filings, and legislation.
DeleteLatino Americans were largely ignored during the 60s, so they began to rally for their rights. Large steps were taken towards gaining their political and social equality An example of this would be the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education fund opening in 1968. They were now offered a greated opportunity for education, and it eventually lead to bilingual programs being implemeted in scools.
ReplyDeleteCesar Chavez was a civil rights activist in the 60's that Unionize Mexican American farm laborers and formed the National Farm Workers Association.
DeleteThese plans were huge in Texas and California since these are the states that have most of the latino population in the U.S.
DeleteAfter the Vietnam war women and African Americans social status increased greatly since the government was responding to the calls of greater social and economic equality.
ReplyDeleteWomen did in fact make a lot of progress during this time period. There were more laws passed to guarantee them these rights, but they still had a long way to to go before being seen as equals to men.
DeleteAlso for women during this time it was hard dealing with the workplace and equal pay was a way for discrimination to vanish and which resulted in the equal pay act which was no discrimination with money a woman was paid.
Deleteoption 1) Just as the U.S was beginning to reconstruct itself from war what was suppose to be a time of peace and comfort turned into a fight against eachother. In a way African Americans wanted the home of the free that they fought for in the war.
ReplyDeleteI agree that African Americans wanted the freedom which some did fight for in the war, though it took sometime before their rights were completely heard and passed by all.
DeleteThe Reconstruction set the goal of racial equality, but there was a failure to enact the laws set forth to achieve this equality. Thus, many whites found their way back into state legislatures in the South and enacted black codes to suppress blacks into “virtual” slavery. Some laws were passed that wouldn’t allow blacks to register to vote, own land, or receive an education. It was only till about a century later, during the Civil Rights movement, when blacks finally stepped up and started to demand that these laws be carried out. Civil Rights Movement leaders demanded an end to racist laws set forth during the Reconstruction, such as laws segregating blacks in restaurants and other public facilities. They staged peaceful protests and boycotts to let their voice be heard. Federal troops aided blacks in protecting them while they registered to vote and also protected students while they tried to attend schools. Segregation in schools ended with the monumental Supreme Court ruling in Brown vs. Board of Education, where segregation was deemed illegal public schools and this paved the way for the crumbling of one of the Reconstruction’s biggest failures, the ruling of Plessy vs. Ferguson, where the Supreme Court declared that blacks were equal, but could be separated.
ReplyDeleteLBJ also fought and persuaded Congress to pass his Civil Rights Act. It was then passed in 1964.
DeleteDuring the 1950s alot of whit collar employment opened up offering millions of jobs for women which created the pink collar jobs including teaching ,secretary, nurses and so on.It gave women a dual role of being at home and caring for children and working as well.Betty Friedan advocated that women were bored at home and wanted o work with "feminine mystique" which gave a push to the feminist movement in the 1960s. The made great progress with the passing of Title IX and the Equal Rights Amendment prohibiting sex discrimination in education programs or activity which allowed women to do sports in school.Court cases also allowed women to decide on abortion rights.Many disapproved of theses movements like Schlafy that believed the women belonged at home not at the workplace.
ReplyDeleteAround 1961 there was a growing interest for women's rights. In 1963 the equal rights act was amended which was to prohibit discrimination between men and women in the same work establishment. There was also the civil rights act of 1964 that also protect women from being discriminated at work. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commissioners was created to help enforce the civil rights act.
ReplyDeletethe women were always wanting to have their own equal rights and be considered the same as everyone else that was around them because they too felt that they were citizens of this country. Womans rights have came a long way since the beginning of all this distreatment
DeleteAs many of us know the period following the Civil War which is called Reconstruction seriously failed to address the problems of the African Americans, but rather hindered their progress with the rise of the KKK. However, the Civil Rights Movement was to later come and solve the racial problem within the country. Even though, JFK strongly favored the civil rights movement, LBJ was the one who took immediate action. In 1964 he signed one of the many the Civil Rights Acts, which outlawed discrimination based on a person's race, color, religion, or gender. He later established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce the employment clause of the Civil Rights Act. In addition, he signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which cracked down on those states that denied blacks the right to vote despite the 15th amendment.
ReplyDeleteThey also fought for voting rights. the Voting Rights Act in 1965 allowed AA to vote.
DeleteAsian Americans were discriminated in america after WWII and were trying to rise socially and economically though they were sent to concentration camps. and wanted to look for compensation through the Japanese American system and didn’t start working until the 1960’s. With time they gained economic power when Hawaii became a state which caused the minority to grow faster than any other at that time.
ReplyDeleteAlso the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 allowed more to emigrate from Asia.
DeleteIn respect to the Latinos group progress was made when their high school students walked out of school and this increased college enrollment. Also the Equal Educational Opportunity Act of 1974 makes bilingual education more widely available.
ReplyDeleteAlso during this time period African Americans were granted after many civil rights movements.
DeleteBefore 1960, many women were just seen as the caretakers of the house. They were only supposed to care for their family and commit to their duties as a mother. However, women began to get fed up with that role. They wanted to be equal as men and have the same opportunities as them so they began to protest. With this came the Equal Rights Amendment that proposed equal justice for women by law.
ReplyDeleteOne organization that influenced the implementation of the Equal Rights Amendment was the National Organization for Women. The leaders of this organization promoted women's rights, and its protests played a huge role for laws that defended and gave women opportunities to excel in society.
DeleteWWII awakened the inner working women. Women began to see each other as a bigger role player in society.
DeleteFor Latin Americans, in the years of 1960 through 1975,there were many events or changes that made a path for progress in later years. The Immigration Act of 1965 encouraged descents of Latin America to enter our country. Yet, many obstacles came to show once they arrived. In the early 1960's, there was an increase of Cuban immigrants whom were discriminated due to the spotlight of the Cuban Missile Crisis. A lot of reforms were being targeted towards education obstacles for these Latin Americans. Latinos were being discriminated for simply being latinos. They weren't allowed to speak spanish in many public places and were actually being discouraged from attending a college/university. The Ford foundation in 1963 helped fund bilingual programs in elementary schools which was to direct benefit for Latinos. There were also many strikes to help push education reforms. Labor was also being limited to Latinos. Groups such as the United Farm Worker union helped Latin Americans be contracted to work. During this period, there were strikes and protests that helped bring the Latin Americans into the spotlight throughout these years.
ReplyDeleteOption 1: African American Civil Rights Movement addressed the failures of the reconstruction because it showed how the reconstruction didn't really do anything for blacks. since this period did nothing the blacks started fighting for the rights they still had nit been given. They nonviolently protested, had bus boycotts due to the incident with Rosa Parks, the fought for school segregation (Brown VS Board of Education)and had sit-ins.
ReplyDeleteThese non-violent method were from Mohandas K. Gandhi and they were very effective. They made the movement spread faster.
DeleteA main person during this time wad Martin Luther king jr.He was a great man during the African american civil rights movement.
DeleteDuring the Reconstruction Era, newly freed African Americans were promised a better life, they were going to be integrated into society. The Freedman's Bureau promised freed slaves an opportunity to start over. The saying "40 acres and a mule" meant that freed African Americans were promised 40 acres of land and one mule to get a start in their new life. Unfortunately, most African Americans were not given this. In fact, these freed people suffered as much as when they were slaves. Laws like the Jim Crow Laws were designed to deprive them of their rights and to prevent them from being a part of society. Those rights that were being denied to them were the very reason for the Civil Rights Movements of the 1950's and 1960's. They wanted those rights, after suffering for decades. African Americans wanted to be equal to whites, and they were not going to stop until they achieved those goals.
ReplyDeleteYour are right. And they kept going until more and more people began to realize that African Americans were citizens that deserve the rights as much as white people.
DeleteYou're right, with the help of leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and presidents like JFK and LBJ, African Americans were able to become just as equal as whites.
DeleteThe African American Civil Rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s addressed the failures of the Reconstruction when the United States failed to give African American equal rights. African Americans had to fight for their rights through nonviolent protesting.
ReplyDeleteyes, i liked the way you put "non violent"
DeleteDuring Reconstruction, a lack of political focus on the effort and the elimination of the freed slaves' newly gained civil liberties failed to bring about long-term racial integration. so then the Movement for racial equality in the U.S. that, through nonviolent protest, broke the pattern of racial segregation in the South and achieved equal rights legislation for blacks.
ReplyDeleteI agree, many bills and new rights were passed for different ethnic groups
DeleteThe Civil Rights Movement addressed Segregation and Voting Rights through Direct Action, Court Filings, and Legislation. The Separate but equal ruling of the Supreme Court was struck down, public facilities were integrated under the commerce clause, poll taxes were declared unconstitutional, state legislatures were required to give equal weight to urban and rural districts. Finally, the Equal Voting and Housing Acts were passed.
ReplyDeleteI agree with your point having to do with the Civil Rights Movement which created a more equal nation for African Americans and whites. Everything was also helped by the marches done by some like Martin Luther King.
DeleteThe Civil Rights Movement between 1950 and 1970 had different goals in mind. Martin Luther King Jr. wanted equality for all blacks and an end to segregation and discrimination. He wanted equality in schools, the workplace, and all public facilities. However, Black Power/Black Panther groups wanted segregation. They believed that black integration in America could never be achieved, and thus, they promoted black nationalism and culture. This was similar to the Back to Africa movement during the 1890-1910 period Black reform movements.
ReplyDeleteAfrican Americans didn't gain equal rights until the 1960s, so that was their great progress in the struggle for equality. The civil rights act was passes by Lyndon B Johnson in 1964.
ReplyDeleteAnd also no more segragation in schools !
DeleteYes, this act ended unequal voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, workplaces and facilities that served the general public.
DeleteIn the 1950s, African American Civil Rights movement were differnt and had different goals. For example, the Jim Crow laws stopped a lot of segregation in many of the Southern states allowing equal rights and opportunities to many African American citizens.
ReplyDeleteThe Jim Crow Laws did not stop segregation it actually legalized it.
DeleteWith African Americans that quote is very valid. African Americans had to fight for their social equality. It wasn't easy, but they eventually got it. There were many obstacles that African Americans had to overcome but they eventually got their rights. There were many struggles they had to phase, but because of the civil rights movement they got their equality.
ReplyDeleteI agree that they did have to struggle to get their rights and this pretty much showed how reconstruction failed to establish equality for African Americans.
DeleteMovement for racial equality in the U.S. that, through nonviolent protest, broke the pattern of racial segregation in the South and achieved equal rights legislation for blacks. Following the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954), African American and white supporters attempted to end entrenched segregationist practices.
ReplyDeleteThe reconstruction was aimed to not only fix the south for what the north had did to it but get rid of slavery and all the negative racism that was going around the nation. African americans were tired of being mistreated and were supposed to be given equal rights, but loopholes were found and that made their life not better but kind of worse. The reconstruction failed because years later african americans were still in the same spot as they were before, wanting their rights and doing what they can to get them.
ReplyDeletei agree laws like the jim crow laws deterred the reconstruction in fixing the racism in the South
DeleteTrue. The Reconstruction was a failure. It didn't complete the task it was made to do because african americans were harrased by racist groups like the KKK
DeleteSocial Equality was always a battle for the African Americans that lived in the U.S. They had been segregated even though they are citizens of America. They had to have protests and marches and "not standing up" to stand up for their rights.
ReplyDeleteThat is very true it also took such a long time for their rights to be taken into consideration.
DeleteI agree with you both. African Americans fought long and hard for equality among this very nation. All because of their skin color they were treated not as citizens but as animals.
DeletePrior to the Vietnam war, many of the African Americans still were segregated from the whites, however, after the war blacks social status increased since President Kennedy and LBJ were all for civil right movements.
ReplyDeleteJohnson's plan was called THE GREAT SOCIETY and it was his one true love. He wished to fight these inequalities but the Vietnam war was costly and his budget quickly diminished.
DeleteThe Reconstruction after the civil war did not successfully combat all of the burdens placed on "rights" and "freedom" of the emancipated slaves. They lived in segregation and were victims to black codes that made sure their "freedom" was not much more than a title. The civil rights movement in the 60's finally pushed to end the inequalities! They fought (peacefully) through demonstrations to gain simple right like ended segregation and being able to have the same education as whites. They fought for the little things that we hold dear and if it hadn't been for people like MLK and Rosa Parks and other activist this world would be a more different and hostile place.
ReplyDeleteWomen's movement transformed and had a great effect on American society.During the 1960's that women really started to enter the paid workforce.Women, were no longer burdened with their former roles as stay-at-home whether it was for the right to abort a baby, or to obtain a job without discrimination they fought for equality.
ReplyDeleteWomen gained more than just jobs but also liberty. They were allowed to do more and speak out more. NOW (National Organization for Women) helped by uniting groups of women who were looking and fighting for the same things.
DeleteThe Reconstruction period was supposed to be a time of peace but was anything but that. The Civil Rights movement was filled with vast amounts of tension and arguments. It went completely against the mindset of the Reconstruction period.
ReplyDeleteThat's true, and there were many violent actions carried out during that time period also, like the violent protest being carried out by the African American race.
DeleteThe African American Civil rights movement broke racial segregation between the blacks and whites. Lead by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. It all started when Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man and was arrested. Non-violent riots took place which led to the success of the African American civil rights.
ReplyDeletedont forget because of her there were african americans that would boycot from riding the buses.
Deletethe civil rights act basically said you cannot descriminate against an employ based n his race religion ect.civil rights was for equal rights between all skin colors blcks and whites.even if it was against the reconstruction period. the civil rights movement was stated when an african american woman, rosa parks denied to give up her seat to a white man because of her many boycotted the busses and started the civil rights movement
ReplyDeleteFor the longest time African American have been fight violently and peacefully for their equality in every aspect. Especially since they fought the same wars that every other "American" did, yet they were still were segregated. But when Martin Luther King Jr. came along as a peaceful abolitionist the moment started to advance like with his March on Washington.
ReplyDeleteWomen were over looked before the 1960s. They were seen as a minimal contribution to society. Their role was to take care of the home. They weren't believed capable to complete any other task. After WWII, women began to fight for new opportunities. During WWII women worked the jobs men who were at war left behind. As the war ended and men began to come back women were not willing to let go so easily. Slowly women began to work outside the home side by side as men. They weren't treated equally at the jobs yet but it was a start. Another thing was that women began to have the right to make their own choices. For example, in court case Roe VS Wade, women were granted the right to decide for themselves an abortion.
ReplyDeleteWomen were treated as a joke. No one truly believed that a women could ever do anything outside the home. However, with perseverance women began to gain rights and do jobs sie by side with men. Women were able to start working jobs with men but the struggle continued as they weren't paid equally. It was a win/lose situation.
DeleteThe African American civil rights addressed the failures of the Reconstruction by showing that the american people had not let go of old slavery habits, and were still oppressing the African American race.
ReplyDeleteYes, Even though the goverment tried helping them they still had hard time getting over the past and starting a new life.
DeleteThe African American Civil Rights movement ended racial segregation in the South and reached equal rights legislation for African American. The reconstruction plan was to provide economic and racial equality to the african americans
ReplyDeleteThere definitely was great progress for political and social equality. For African Americans the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 were a huge breakthrough but the 1964 Act caused trouble in the south because of the violence that erupted because of it.
ReplyDeleteThe Civil Rights movement brought an end to the discrimination and segregation towards African Americans. The point of the Reconstruction was to help the South and the new freed slaves. But as time passed African Americans were still mistreated and not equal as a white person. The civil right movement basically made the US look upon African Americans as equals. This was accomplished through protests, marches, etc.
ReplyDeleteAlthough blacks were treated like animals they fought segregaion noviolently. Slow and steady they protested and won their fight against segregation. Also americans were ashamed of their past with slavery.
ReplyDeleteDuring The Time Period Of 1960-1975 The Struggle For Political And Social Equality For Women With The Feminst Movement. There Was the National Organization For Women Founded In 1966 Which Called for Equal Employment And Pay for Women. It Also Helped The Legalization For Abortion And The Passage Of An Equal Rights Amendment To the Constitution. The Legalization Of Abortion Was Helped By the Roe v. Wade case Which Ruled That The Government Could Not Interfere With The Decision Of Abortion Between A Woman And Her Doctor. Also The Griswold Decision Supported The Roe v. Wade Decision With The Right To Privacy Between Women And their Doctors.
ReplyDeleteI agree with you, Ivette. That time period was a crucial era for women as they fought for their equal rights.
DeleteBetween 1960 and 1975, Asian Americans were trying to gain equal rights, just like every other minority. They were highly discriminated against during World War II and the wars in Asia, and were upset with society for not being treated equally. They formed the Asian Americans for Equality, which tried to gain equality for Asians.
ReplyDeleteBetween the years of 1960 and 1975 Native americans were being treated as if they didnt exist no one cared about them. this is why they became self determined to change that. THE AIM movement was a movement founded 1968 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, with an purpose that focuses on spirituality, leadership, and sovereignty. this movement addressed the poverty faced bu=y them and the lack of truthfulness giving by the american government
ReplyDeleteIn the midst of segregation in the South there were problems with education in which African Americans weren't equal in being taught at the same level. The court decision of Brown V. Board of Education was something that lead to an end in segregation in public schools. While the Jim Crow Laws prevented African Americans from voting there was more denial from whites through out the South. The marching by Martin Luther King lead to the death by some of the activists, through the many caused president Johnson to sign the Voting Rights Act in 1965.
ReplyDelete(Option 2) The struggles that African Americans went through was one that had started long ago with slavery in the South. Another thing that caused struggles were the Jim Crow Laws which prevented African Americans from being equal to everyone. One change was the possibility of voting by African Americans by the help of the Civil Rights Act signed by president Johnson. Through the harsh dispute of whites to African Americans to prevent an equal feeling for all living in the U.S.
ReplyDelete(Option 2) The time period between the years 1960 and 1975 played a vital role for the United States. That period was the era in which African Americans and wanted to be heard; their desires wanted to be fulfilled. The Civil Rights movement was one tactic that African Americans participated in, in order to be heard.
ReplyDelete(option 1) The Reconstruction was after the American Civil War. It was the remaking of the South, after it had lost its war of rebellion and slavery was ended. However "W. E. B. DuBois captured that failure well when he wrote in Black Reconstruction in America (1935)'The slave went free; stood a brief moment in the sun; then moved back again toward slavery." This is true because segregation made African Americans feel as if they haven't been completely free.
ReplyDelete